ENGLISH VERB SYSTEM
								Completive:
			weave					has woven			(present)
			wove					had woven			(past)
			will weave				will have woven		(future)
			weaving				having woven		(participle)
			to weave				to have woven		(infinitive)

DURATIVE:	is weaving				has been weaving
			was weaving				had been weaving
			will be weaving			will have been weaving
			being weaving (?)			having been weaving
			to be weaving			to have been weaving

PASSIVE:		is woven				has been woven
			was woven				had been woven
			will be woven			will have been woven
			being woven				having been woven
			to be woven				to have been woven

DURATIVE		is being woven			has been being woven
PASSIVE:		was being woven			had been being woven
			will be being woven		will have been being woven
			being being woven (??)		having been being woven (?)
			to be being woven			to have been being woven

POSSIBILITY:	can weave				can have woven
			could weave				could have woven
			would weave			would have woven
			being able to weave		being able to have woven
			to be able to weave	 		to be able to have woven

			can be weaving			can have been weaving
			could be weaving			could have been weaving
			would be weaving			would have been weaving
			being able to be weaving		being able to have been weaving
			to be able to be weaving		to be able to have been weaving

PASSIVES:		can be woven			can have been woven
			could be woven			could have been woven
			would be woven			would have been woven
			being able to be woven		being able to have been woven
			to be able to be woven		to be able to have been woven

			can be being woven		can have been being woven
			could be being woven		could have been being woven
			would be being woven		would have been being woven
			being able to be being woven	to be able to have been being woven
			to be able to be being woven	to be able to have been being woven

Example 1 of Word-Related Syntax
Isaiah 51:18

hfdÕflæy {yÙinfB-lfKim Hêfl lØ"hán:m-}y")
 ;hfl×"DiG {yÙinfB-lfKim Hêfdæy:B üqyézAxam }yÜ")ºw

Assignment: DETERMINE the meaning of  Hfdæy:B qyézAxam  in the last half of Isaiah 51:18.
		(If translated mechanically, word by word, this comes out “and there is none to strengthen in her hand,” which doesn’t make sense.  How do we make sense of it?)

Step 1.  Search: what major vocabulary item, if any, is the syntactical problem related to?
	(Hint: remember that a noun or a verb, but not a preposition, is a major vocabulary item.)

Step 2.  Evaluate: under the major vocabulary item, or elsewhere, does BDB provide an account of the syntax?  What?

Step 3.  Decide.  Give one or two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause.

Example 2 of Word-Related Syntax
Isaiah 52:8

UnÕ"Narºy wØfD:xáy lwÙoq U):&Ûfn |éyÖapoc lwÛoq
;}w×oYic hÙfwhºy bUÛ$:B Uê):réy ü}éyóa(:B }éyÜa( yØiK

Assignment: DETERMINE the meaning of  }éya(:B }éya(  in Isaiah 52:8.
(There is a problem here.  Literally, the phrase would be “eye with eye” or “eye in eye.”  How should the  :B  be translated?)

Step 1.  Search: what major vocabulary item, if any, is the syntactical problem related to?
	(Hint: a major vocabulary item would be a verb or a noun, but not a preposition or affix.  Don’t try going to the information under the preposition  :B.)

Step 2.  Evaluate: under the major vocabulary item, or elsewhere, does BDB provide an account of the syntax?  What?
(Hint: if you have trouble, consult Einspahr under the verse Isa 52:8, to find the appropriate section of the entry.)

Step 3.  Decide.  Give one or two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause.

Example 1 with Clause Syntax
Mark 14:55

 oi¸ de\ a)rxiereiÍj kaiì oÀlon to\ sune/drion e)zh/toun kata\ tou=  ¹Ihsou= marturi¿an ei¹j to\ qanatw½sai au)to/n, kaiì ou)x huÀriskon:

Assignment: DETERMINE the meaning of  ei¹j to\ qanatw½sai  in Mark 14:55.

Step 1.  Search.  Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar.
	(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue to the nature of the construction?  If so, look up the functions of the conjunction in the lexicon.
	(b) What, if any, is the technical philological term or terms most closely related to the syntactical construction?  If you know such a term, look it up in the “Index of Subjects” in the back of the grammar, and go from there to section numbers.
	(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word or words involved?  Does this provide a clue?  In particular, does the tense of the verb provide the clue for how the clause is related to other clauses?  Go to “Table of Contents” in the front of the grammar, under the functions of the tense.  For a clue from noun morphology, go to “Table of Contents,” the syntax of the noun.
	(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from a “governing” relation with a verb, a noun, or a preposition?  For prepositions, go to the lexicon.  For verbs and nouns, go to the “Table of Contents,” under syntax of the verb or noun, respectively.
	(e) Is the syntactical construction closely related to the overall structure of a clause or a sentence as a whole?  Then go to the “Table of Contents” under “The Sentence.”
	(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be, or as a further check, look up the verse number of your passage in the “Index of Passages” in the back of the grammar.

Step 2. Evaluate.  Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage.
	(a) Note the over-all organization and arrangement of the subheadings, in order to skim rapidly over the subheadings that do not address your problems.
	(b) For crucial subheadings, note the examples to make sure that you have understood.  You may want to look up a citation or two, or even more if necessary, to make sure that you understand the point being made, or to make sure that you passage is really parallel to the ones being discussed.

Step 2a.  Are there several subheadings of several sections that might apply?  Which are the most closely parallel grammatically?  (But don’t worry if you find only one alternative.)

Step 3.  Decide.  Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction, after you have weighed all the alternatives that you can find.  Give a translation of the crucial clause that brings out the implications of your decision on the meaning of the syntactic construction.

Example 2 with Clause Syntax
Isaiah 51:17
{iêalf$UØrºy yimUqù yèir:rO(:t×ih yØir:rO(:tih
wÕotfmAx swØoK-te) hÙfwhºy dÛaYim tyÖitf$ rÛe$A)
;ty×icfm tyÙitf$ hÖfl"(:raTah swÓoK ta(ðaBuq-te)

Assignment: DETERMINE the meaning of  wÕotfmAx swØoK  in Isaiah 51:17.

Step 1.  Search.  Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar.
	(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue to the nature of the construction?  If so, look up the functions of the conjunction in the lexicon.
	(b) What, if any, is the technical philological term or terms most closely related to the syntactical construction?  If you know such a term, look it up in the “Index of Subjects” in the back of the grammar, and go from there to section numbers.
	(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word or words involved?  Does this provide a clue?  In particular, does the tense of the verb provide the clue for how the clause is related to other clauses?  Go to “Table of Contents” in the front of the grammar, under the functions of the tense.  For a clue from noun morphology, go to “Table of Contents,” the syntax of the noun.
	(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from a “governing” relation with a verb, a noun, or a preposition?  For prepositions, go to the lexicon.  For verbs and nouns, go to the “Table of Contents,” under syntax of the verb or noun, respectively.
	(e) Is the syntactical construction closely related to the overall structure of a clause or a sentence as a whole?  Then go to the “Table of Contents” under “The Sentence.”
	(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be, or as a further check, look up the verse number of your passage in the “Index of Passages” in the back of the grammar.

Step 2. Evaluate.  Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage.
	(a) Note the over-all organization and arrangement of the subheadings, in order to skim rapidly over the subheadings that do not address your problems.
	(b) For crucial subheadings, note the examples to make sure that you have understood.  You may want to look up a citation or two, or even more if necessary, to make sure that you understand the point being made, or to make sure that you passage is really parallel to the ones being discussed.

Step 2a.  Are there several subheadings of several sections that might apply?  Which are the most closely parallel grammatically?  (But don’t worry if you find only one alternative.)

Step 3.  Decide.  Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction, after you have weighed all the alternatives that you can find.  Give a translation of the crucial clause that brings out the implications of your decision on the meaning of the syntactic construction.

Example 3 with Clause Syntax
Isaiah 51:23
hfrÕobA(ánºw yØix:$ |Ù"$:pán:l UÛr:mf)-re$A) |éyêagOm-dáy:B üfhyóiT:ma&ºw
;{y×ir:bo(al jUÙxakºw |ê"w"G üjeróf)fk yimyÜi&fTáw

Assignment: DETERMINE the meaning of  hfrÕobA(ánºw   in Isaiah 51:23.

Step 1.  Search.  Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar.
	(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue to the nature of the construction?  If so, look up the functions of the conjunction in the lexicon.
	(b) What, if any, is the technical philological term or terms most closely related to the syntactical construction?  If you know such a term, look it up in the “Index of Subjects” in the back of the grammar, and go from there to section numbers.
	(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word or words involved?  Does this provide a clue?  In particular, does the tense of the verb provide the clue for how the clause is related to other clauses?  Go to “Table of Contents” in the front of the grammar, under the functions of the tense.  For a clue from noun morphology, go to “Table of Contents,” the syntax of the noun.
	(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from a “governing” relation with a verb, a noun, or a preposition?  For prepositions, go to the lexicon.  For verbs and nouns, go to the “Table of Contents,” under syntax of the verb or noun, respectively.
	(e) Is the syntactical construction closely related to the overall structure of a clause or a sentence as a whole?  Then go to the “Table of Contents” under “The Sentence.”
	(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be, or as a further check, look up the verse number of your passage in the “Index of Passages” in the back of the grammar.

Step 2. Evaluate.  Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage.
	(a) Note the over-all organization and arrangement of the subheadings, in order to skim rapidly over the subheadings that do not address your problems.
	(b) For crucial subheadings, note the examples to make sure that you have understood.  You may want to look up a citation or two, or even more if necessary, to make sure that you understand the point being made, or to make sure that you passage is really parallel to the ones being discussed.

Step 2a.  Are there several subheadings of several sections that might apply?  Which are the most closely parallel grammatically?  (But don’t worry if you find only one alternative.)

Step 3.  Decide.  Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction, after you have weighed all the alternatives that you can find.  Give a translation of the crucial clause that brings out the implications of your decision on the meaning of the syntactic construction.

Homework with Clause Syntax
John 8:12

Πάλιν οὖν αὐτοῖς ἐλάλησεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς λέγων, Ἐγώ εἰμι τὸ φῶς τοῦ κόσμου·
ὁ ἀκολουθῶν ἐμοὶ οὐ μὴ περιπατήσῃ ἐν τῇ σκοτίᾳ, ἀλλ᾽ ἕξει τὸ φῶς τῆς ζωῆς.

Assignment: DETERMINE why περιπατήσῃ is subjunctive and what contribution it makes to the whole sentence.

Step 1.  Search.  Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar.
	(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue to the nature of the construction?  If so, look up the functions of the conjunction in the lexicon.
	(b) What, if any, is the technical philological term or terms most closely related to the syntactical construction?  If you know such a term, look it up in the “Index of Subjects” in the back of the grammar, and go from there to section numbers.
	(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word or words involved?  Does this provide a clue?  In particular, does the tense of the verb provide the clue for how the clause is related to other clauses?  Go to “Table of Contents” in the front of the grammar, under the functions of the tense.  For a clue from noun morphology, go to “Table of Contents,” the syntax of the noun.
	(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from a “governing” relation with a verb, a noun, or a preposition?  For prepositions, go to the lexicon.  For verbs and nouns, go to the “Table of Contents,” under syntax of the verb or noun, respectively.
	(e) Is the syntactical construction closely related to the overall structure of a clause or a sentence as a whole?  Then go to the “Table of Contents” under “The Sentence.”
	(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be, or as a further check, look up the verse number of your passage in the “Index of Passages” in the back of the grammar.

Step 2. Evaluate.  Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage.
	(a) Note the over-all organization and arrangement of the subheadings, in order to skim rapidly over the subheadings that do not address your problems.
	(b) For crucial subheadings, note the examples to make sure that you have understood.  You may want to look up a citation or two, or even more if necessary, to make sure that you understand the point being made, or to make sure that you passage is really parallel to the ones being discussed.

Step 2a.  Are there several subheadings of several sections that might apply?  Which are the most closely parallel grammatically?  (But don’t worry if you find only one alternative.)

Step 3.  Decide.  Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction, after you have weighed all the alternatives that you can find.  Give a translation of the crucial clause that brings out the implications of your decision on the meaning of the syntactic construction.